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Billy Mitchell vs. Twin Galaxies

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Twin Galaxies, the long-running video game high score tracker recognized by Guinness World Records, has banned Billy Mitchell and removed all of his past scores from its listings after determining that two million-plus-point Donkey Kong performances he submitted were actually created with an emulator and not on original arcade hardware as he consistently claimed. The move means that the organization now recognizes Steve Wiebe as the first player to achieve a million-point game in Donkey Kong, a question central to the 2007 cult classic documentary The King of Kong.

Cheating In Arcade GamesNearly two months ago, Mitchell's scores were also removed from the leaderboards at Donkey Kong Forum. Forum moderator Jeremy 'Xelnia' Young cited frame-by-frame analysis of the board transitions in Mitchell's Donkey Kong tapes, which showed visual artifacts suggesting they were generated by early versions of the Multiple Arcade Machine Emulator (MAME) and not original Donkey Kong arcade hardware.

After checking Mitchell's original submitted score tapes and 'meticulously test[ing] and investigat[ing] the dispute case assertions as well as a number of relevant contingent factors,' the Twin Galaxies administration unanimously determined that two of Mitchell's disputed scores were created by an emulator: A 1.047 million point performance that was highlighted in The King of Kong and a 1.05 million point score achieved at a Mortgage Brokers convention in 2007. Twin Galaxies wasn't able to make a definitive determination on a third, 1.06 million point score Mitchell claimed to have at Florida's Boomers arcade in 2010.

The ban has no effect on the current world record in Donkey Kong, which currently sits at the 1.247 million points set by Robbie Lakeman in February.

The film doesn’t lie

While Twin Galaxies does accept scores created on MAME, they are tracked in a different category from those created on authentic arcade hardware due to timing and control differences. MAME recordings can also be stitched together from multiple plays and saved inputs, ensuring beneficial random luck and allowing mistakes to be erased through subsequent recordings. While it's not certain that Mitchell did this kind of multi-recording splicing, the nature of his performancesprovides some circumstantial evidence that this is indeed what happened.

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Spliced or not, though, the determination that Mitchell submitted MAME footage as 'direct feed' video from original hardware—and lied about it consistently over the years—was central to Twin Galaxies' decision. 'From a Twin Galaxies viewpoint, the only important thing to know is whether or not the score performances are from an unmodified original DK arcade PCB [printed circuit board] as per the competitive rules,' the site administration writes. 'We now believe that they are not from an original unmodified DK arcade PCB, and so our investigation of the tape content ends with that conclusion and assertion.'

Mitchell, who said in February that the 'original tape' would vindicate his scores (and that he never used MAME), chose not to directly respond to Twin Galaxies questions about those performances, the administration said (he has also not responded to a request for comment from Ars Technica). Carlos Piniero, who Mitchell 'engaged to help examine the dispute case claims on his behalf,' made a final finding that was 'consistent with Twin Galaxies investigation and others,' the scoreboard administrators wrote.

Mitchell was a figure of outsized importance in the community of video game record seekers, widely hailed for playing the first perfect game of Pac-Man in 1999 (a record Twin Galaxies no longer recognizes). Since being featured as Wiebe's antagonist in The King of Kong, Mitchell has been parodied in pop culture and even rode on a giant Donkey Kong machine replica at December's Citrus Bowl parade.

Mitchell's downfall follows the similar fate of Todd Rogers, who was also banned from the scoreboard after being found to have lied about achieving an unachievable score on the Atari 2600 game Dragster. Rogers, it's important to note, was the official witness and Twin Galaxies referee that previously confirmed many of Mitchell's scores for the scoreboard.

Twin Galaxies was founded in 1981 by arcade owner Walter Day, but it came under new management in 2014 and is now led by 'Head Custodian and Caretaker' (and Internet video personality) Jace Hall. The management says these moves to purge high-profile scores from its database highlight a new focus on 'scoreboard integrity,' which it seeks to improve 'no matter how painful or public it might occasionally be.'

'Anyone looking into their own past with honesty and a desire to improve will likely find things potentially messy and uncomfortable,' the management writes. 'Twin Galaxies has experienced a nice big dose of that again with this dispute. However, Twin Galaxies understands that this is required for it to continue its commitment to accuracy. As we all have learned, this cannot occur overnight and must be a step-by-step process.

'We must repeat, the truth is the priority. That is the concern. Whatever it takes.'

Phoenix
Publisher(s)Centuri, Taito (Arcade)
Atari, Inc. (Atari 2600)
Platform(s)Arcade, Atari 2600
ReleaseArcade
  • WW: 1980
Atari 2600
Genre(s)Fixed shooter
Mode(s)1-2 players alternating

Phoenix is an outer space-themed, fixed shooter video game released in arcades in 1980. According to Centuri's Joel Hochberg, the game was licensed from 'a smaller Japanese developer.'[1] Amstar Electronics (which was located in Phoenix, Arizona)[2] licensed the game to Centuri for manufacture in the United States. Taito released the game in Japan.[3]Atari, Inc. released a port of Phoenix for the Atari 2600 in 1982.[4]

The Phoenix mothership is one of the first video arcade game bosses to be presented as a separate challenge.[5] This was before the term boss was coined.

Gameplay[edit]

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Arcade screenshot

The player controls a spaceship that moves horizontally at the bottom of the screen, firing upward. Enemies, typically one of two types of birds, appear on the screen above the player's ship, shooting at it and periodically diving towards it in an attempt to crash into it. The ship is equipped with a shield that can be used to zap any of the alien creatures that attempt to crash into it. The player cannot move while the shield is active and must wait approximately five seconds before using it again.

The player starts with three or six lives, depending on the settings. One life is lost whenever the ship is hit by any enemy or projectile while the shield is down.

Each level has five separate rounds. The player must complete a round to advance to the next.

  • Rounds 1 and 2 – The player must destroy a formation of alien birds. While in formation, some of the birds fly down kamikaze style, in an attempt to destroy the player's spaceship by crashing into it. Hitting a birdlike enemy flying diagonally awards a bonus score. The birdlike enemies are yellow in round 1, and pink in round 2. The player's spaceship is given rapid fire for round 2, where the birdlike creatures fly somewhat more unpredictably.
  • Rounds 3 and 4 – Flying eggs float on the screen and seconds later hatch, revealing larger alien birds, resembling phoenices, which swoop down at the player's spaceship. The only way to fully destroy one of these birdlike creatures is by hitting it in its belly; shooting one of its wings merely destroys that wing, and if both wings are destroyed, they will regenerate. From time to time the birdlike creatures may also revert to the egg form for a brief period. The birdlike creatures are blue in round 3, and pink in round 4.
  • Round 5 – The player is pitted against the mothership, which is controlled by an alien creature sitting in its center. To complete this round, the player must create a hole in the conveyor belt-type shield to get a clear shot at the alien. Hitting the alien with a single shot ends the level and scores 400–8,200 points. The mothership fires missiles at the player's ship, moves slowly down towards it, and has alien birds (from rounds 1 and 2) protecting it. Defeating all of the birds will produce a new wave.

The game continues with increasing speed and unpredictability of the birdlike creature and phoenix flights.

Development[edit]

Hardware[edit]

An officially-licensed Italian arcade cabinet of Phoenix, manufactured by Amtec in 1981

Phoenix was available in both arcade and cocktail cabinets. A DIP switch setting allows the game to be moved between formats.

Most Phoenix games are in a standard Centuri woodgrain cabinet, but several other cabinets exist, due to this game being sold by multiple companies at the same time. These use sticker sideart (which covers the upper half of the machine), and glass marquees. The control panel is made up entirely of buttons; no joystick is present in the Centuri version, except for the international models and some cocktail versions. The monitor in this machine is mounted vertically, and the monitor bezel is relatively unadorned. Phoenix uses a unique wiring harness, which isn't known to be compatible with any other games.

Circuitry in the Centuri version:

  • CPU: 8085 at 5.5 MHz.
  • RAM: 4 kB (8 2114 1k x 4 chips.)
  • ROM: 16 kB (8 2716 2k x 8 chips.)
  • Audio: Matsushita MN6221AA chip, along with discrete circuitry.
  • Video: discrete circuitry, utilizing 4 more 2716 2k x 8 EPROMs, as well as 2 256 x 4 bipolar PROMs.[6]

Music[edit]

There are two pieces of music featured in the game:

  • Romance de Amor also known as Spanish Romance by an unknown composer.
  • Für Elise by Beethoven.

Both songs are built directly into the Matsushita MN6221AA Melody IC, as opposed to being programmed into the game's code as is standard in games. In some bootleg versions of the game, which used the namco galaxian Board, House of the rising sun is played at the start of the game.

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Bugs[edit]

When the player shoots three birdlike enemies in a row very quickly as they fly upwards, the total score is set to a value in the vicinity of 204,000 points.[7]

Reception[edit]

Bill Kunkel and Arnie Katz of Electronic Games called Phoenix 'perhaps the finest invasion title ever produced for the 2600!', praising its 'fantastic graphics, unexcelled play-action and more'.[4] The game received a Certificate of Merit in the category of '1984 Best Science Fiction/ Fantasy Videogame' at the 5th annual Arkie Awards.[8]:42

In a retrospective review by Brett Alan Weiss (AllGame) the game was awarded a five out of five rating, referring to it as a 'one of the most impressive games the 'slide-and-shoot' genre has to offer, bested only by Galaga in terms of sheer enjoyment and replayability' and concluded that 'Finely balanced shooting action combined with colorfully animated graphics make Phoenix a true classic among shooters.'[9]

Legacy[edit]

Re-releases[edit]

In 2005, Phoenix was released on the Xbox, PlayStation 2, PSP and Microsoft Windows as part of Taito Legends in the US and Europe, and Taito Memories II Gekan in Japan.

Clones[edit]

  • Griffon by Videotron in 1980
  • Falcon by BGV in 1980
  • Vautour by Jeutel in 1980 in France
  • Condor by Sidam in 1981
  • Demon Seed by Trend Software for the TRS-80 in 1982
  • Pheenix by Megadodo for the ZX Spectrum in 1983
  • Eagle Empire Alligata for the BBC Micro in 1983
  • Firebirds by Softek for the ZX Spectrum in 1983

The Imagic game Demon Attack for the Atari 2600 closely resembled Phoenix which Atari owned the 2600 rights to. Atari sued Imagic, who settled out of court.[citation needed]

Bootlegs[edit]

  • Phoenix by T.P.N in 1980
  • Phoenix by IRECSA, G.G.I Corp in 1980

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^Jon (13 February 2006). 'Joel Hochberg (Centuri Inc, Nintendo, Rare Inc) Email Interview'. Centuri.net. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
  2. ^p. 163, Racing the beam: the Atari Video computer system, by Nick Montfort and Ian Bogost, MIT Press, 2009, ISBN0-262-01257-X.
  3. ^Phoenix at the Killer List of Videogames
  4. ^ abKatz, Arnie; Kunkel, Bill (June 1983). 'Programmable Arcade'. Electronic Games. pp. 38–42. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  5. ^Sterbakov, Hugh. (2008-03-05) The 47 Most Diabolical Video-Game Villains of All Time. Gamepro. Retrieved on 2008-04-28.
  6. ^Phoenix service manual, Centuri, Inc., #364-62-0100 A.
  7. ^Hodges, Don (22 January 2018). 'Phoenix's Scoring Bug Analyzed and Fixed'. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  8. ^Kunkel, Bill; Katz, Arnie (January 1984). 'Arcade Alley: The Arcade Awards, Part 1'. Video. Reese Communications. 7 (10): 40–42. ISSN0147-8907.
  9. ^Weiss, Brett Alan. 'Phoenix'. AllGame. Archived from the original on 14 November 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2019.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phoenix (video game).
  • Phoenix at the Killer List of Videogames
  • Phoenix at Arcade History
  • Phoenix entry at the Centuri.net Arcade Database
  • Phoenix for the Atari 2600 at Atari Mania
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